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History of the Székely people
The history of the Székely people, a Transylvanian subgroup of the Hungarians, can be traced back to the 12th century. The Székelys initially lived in scattered communities along the frontiers of the Kingdom of Hungary. Their organized migration to present-day Székely Land (the easternmost part of the Carpathian Basin) started around 1150 and lasted more than a century.
==Origins==
The Székely form the only Hungarian subgroup with a well-documented own tradition of their Hunnic origin. However, it is now impossible to decide whether it is a genuine part of their folklore or an invention by chroniclers which spread among them in the Late Middle Ages. All the same, the Székely speak a pure Hungarian tongue "without any trace of a Turkic substratum" (Pál Engel).
The anonymous author of the ''Gesta Hungarorum'' was the first to make a passing reference, around 1200, of their origin. He wrote that the Székely "were previously the peoples of King Attila."〔''Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 50.), p. 109.〕 and joined the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin. From then on, medieval sources emphasized the connection between the Székely and Attila's Huns or "Scythians". For instance, Simon of Kéza wrote of a group of Huns who "remained on the field of Csigla until Árpád's time, referring to themselves not as Huns but as Székely".〔''Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians'' (ch. 21.), p. 71.〕 Likewise, the ''Tripartitum'' of 1517 states that the Székely originated "from the Scythian people when they first came to Pannonia".〔''Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)'' (3.4.), p. 383.〕 The Renaissance Humanist Petrus Ransanus was the first to propose an alternative theory by stating that the ''Siculi'' descended from Roman soldiers from Sicily. The Jesuit Ferenc Flasching set up another hypothesis in 1725 by claiming that Jász people settled in Transylvania under King Béla IV of Hungary were their ancestors. Thereafter many new theories emerged, including those of their Avar, Bulgar, Cuman, Kabar, Pecheneg, Romanian or pure Hungarian origin.
Modern hypotheses can be divided into three main groups. Gyula László argues that the Székely people descended from a Hungarian-speaking "Late Avar" population. Lóránd Benkő, István Bóna and other scholars maintain that Hungarian groups who settled in the borderlands of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and received special privileges developed their own consciousness.〔Cathy O’Grady, Zoltán Kántor and Daniela Tarnovschi, (Hungarians of Romania ), In: Panayote Dimitras (editor) Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE) MINORITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE, Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center, 2001, p. 5〕 Finally, a number of historians, including György Györffy and Gyula Kristó, argues that the Székely descended from a Turkic population who joined the Hungarians before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.〔 Scholars who accept their Turkic origin propose that their ethnonym is connected to that of the Eskils, an early medieval Bulgar tribe. The Eskils, according to Ibn Rustah, inhabited the regions of Volga Bulgaria neighboring the dwelling places of the Hungarian tribes in the 9th century. However, Gyula Németh and other linguists sharply refuse the possibility of a connection between the two ethnonyms. Similarly debated remained the idea proposed by Lóránd Benkő who argues that the Székely ethnonym derived from an ancient Hungarian word for border guard, because the ''"székely"'' word with a similar meaning (in reference to forest rangers) was only documented in the 16th-17th centuries.
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